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General Women's Health

Women’s health refers to the broad spectrum of health issues that uniquely, disproportionately, or differently affect women throughout their lives. From puberty and menstruation, through fertility, pregnancy, and menopause, to postmenopausal care, women experience a range of physical and emotional health changes that require specialised support.


Women’s Health Care

Women’s healthcare encompasses the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of conditions that specifically affect female bodies and hormones. This encompasses:

  • Reproductive health: Including menstruation, contraception, fertility, pregnancy, and menopause.
  • Breast health: Screening for and treating breast lumps or cancers.
  • Pelvic health: Including bladder control issues, pelvic organ prolapse, and pelvic pain.
  • Sexual health: Addressing libido, pain during intercourse, STIs, and related concerns.
  • Chronic disease prevention: Such as managing heart disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis in women.
  • Mental health: Tackling issues like postnatal depression, anxiety, and the mental load carried by many women.


Women’s health also involves regular screening for cancers (e.g., breast, cervical), hormone-related conditions (e.g., PCOS, endometriosis), and bone density as women age.


Benefits of Women’s Health Services

  • Early detection of diseases: Screening programs, such as cervical and breast cancer checks, help detect illnesses early when treatment is most effective.
  • Personalised reproductive care: From contraception to fertility treatment, women’s health services offer individualised support.
  • Hormonal health management: Balanced care for conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, and menopause.
  • Improved mental wellbeing: Mental health is closely linked with hormonal and life-stage changes; women’s health care includes emotional support and counselling.
  • Better quality of life: Managing symptoms of chronic conditions such as pelvic pain or urinary incontinence enhances comfort and confidence.


Birth Control

What is Birth Control?

Birth control, or contraception, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy. Several types of birth control are available, each with its benefits and risks.


There are many different methods of contraception to avoid pregnancy, including the oral contraceptive pill (OCP), the mini-pill, a condom, an intrauterine device (IUD) such as Mirena, an Implanon rod, the natural family planning method and more permanent measures such as tubal ligation and vasectomy for men.


Some of these methods are confined to women and others to men, while some are reversible and some are permanent.


Who is Suitable for Birth Control?

Most individuals who are sexually active and wish to prevent pregnancy are suitable for birth control. However, certain types of birth control may be more appropriate for specific individuals depending on their health status and lifestyle.


For example, women who smoke or have a history of blood clots may not be suitable for hormonal birth control methods, as these methods can increase the risk of blood clots. Women with a history of previous surgeries or certain medical conditions may not be suitable candidates for specific barrier methods, such as diaphragms or cervical caps.


Individuals unsure about their suitability for birth control or who wish to learn more about the different types of available birth control should consult a healthcare provider. They will consider the individual's overall health, lifestyle, and personal preferences to recommend the best birth control option for them.


Benefits of Birth Control

There are many benefits of birth control, including the following:

  • Preventing pregnancy: The most apparent benefit of birth control is that it can help prevent unintended pregnancies. This can help individuals plan for and achieve their family size and timing.
  • Regulating menstrual cycles: Birth control can help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and heavy or painful periods.
  • Treating certain medical conditions: Birth control can treat certain conditions such as endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and acne.
  • Improving overall physical health: Birth control can reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, such as ovarian and endometrial cancer, and improve bone density.
  • Improving mental health: Birth control can reduce symptoms of depression and anxiety and also improve overall emotional well-being.
  • Reducing the risk of certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Some types of birth control, such as condoms, can also help reduce the risk of certain STIs.


Birth control methods are for women and men and can be used by couples in a partnership. Birth control methods can also be used for other purposes besides preventing pregnancy, such as reducing the risk of certain types of cancer, managing menstrual symptoms, and reducing the risk of certain sexually transmitted infections.


Hormonal Methods

These methods use hormones to prevent pregnancy. Examples include:

  • The birth control pill is taken orally and contains hormones that prevent ovulation.
  • The small patch releases hormones through the skin and is worn on the abdomen, upper arm, or buttocks.
  • The ring is a small, flexible ring inserted into the vagina and releases hormones.


Abstinence

Abstinence means not having sexual intercourse. It is the only birth control method that is 100% effective in preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases.


Barrier Methods

These methods physically block the sperm from reaching the egg. Examples include:

  • Condoms are a barrier method placed on the penis or inserted into the vagina before intercourse.
  • Diaphragms are a barrier method inserted into the vagina before intercourse and cover the cervix.
  • Cervical caps are a barrier method inserted into the vagina before intercourse and cover the cervix.


Long-acting Methods

These methods are designed to be effective for extended periods and typically do not require daily attention. Examples include:

  • The hormonal IUD is a small T-shaped device inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider and releases hormones.
  • The copper IUD is a small T-shaped device inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider and does not release hormones.
  • The contraceptive implant is a small rod inserted under the upper arm's skin by a healthcare provider and releases hormones.


Natural Methods

These methods rely on observing the woman's fertility signs to avoid intercourse during fertile days. Examples include:

  • The rhythm method is a method that involves tracking the menstrual cycle and avoiding intercourse during fertile days.
  • The basal body temperature method is a method that involves tracking a woman's basal body temperature to determine when she is fertile.


Permanent Methods

These methods are intended to be permanent and are not easily reversible. Examples include:

  • Tubal ligation (for women) is a surgical procedure that involves cutting or blocking the fallopian tubes to prevent fertilisation.
  • Vasectomy (for men) is a surgical procedure that involves cutting or blocking the vas deferens to prevent sperm from reaching the semen.


Consult with your doctor to determine which method of birth control is most appropriate for you, taking into account factors such as your overall health, lifestyle, and personal preferences.


Birth Control Effectiveness

The effectiveness of birth control methods can vary depending on the chosen plan and how consistently and correctly it is used.


Hormonal methods, such as the birth control pill, patch, ring, and injection, are highly effective when used as directed. The effectiveness of these methods can be reduced if doses are missed or administered incorrectly.


Barrier methods, such as condoms and diaphragms, are also highly effective when used consistently and correctly.


However, their effectiveness can be reduced if they break or slip off during intercourse.


Long-acting methods, such as IUDs and implants, are highly effective and do not require daily attention.


Natural methods, such as the rhythm method, fertility awareness, and withdrawal, are less effective and may result in unintended pregnancies.


Permanent methods, such as tubal ligation and vasectomy, are highly effective but are permanent and not easily reversible.


Birth Control Risks and Side Effects

All types of birth control carry some risks and potential side effects. Discuss the risks and benefits of different methods before choosing a birth control method with your doctor.


Common risks and side effects of hormonal birth control methods include:

  • Headaches
  • Nausea
  • Irregular bleeding
  • Weight gain
  • Depression
  • Blood clots
  • Increased risk of certain types of cancers
  • Risk of hormonal imbalances
  • Risk of interactions with other medications


Barrier methods, such as condoms, may cause irritation or allergic reactions.


Long-acting methods like IUDs may cause pain or discomfort during insertion and removal.


Natural methods, such as the rhythm method, may not be as effective as other methods and may result in unintended pregnancies.


Permanent methods, such as tubal ligation or vasectomy, are permanent and not easily reversible.


What if Birth Control is Delayed?


If birth control is delayed, it can increase the risk of unintended pregnancy. Birth control methods work best when used consistently and correctly.


If a person misses a dose of hormonal birth control (such as the pill), they should take the missed dose as soon as possible and use a backup method of birth control, such as condoms, for the next seven days.


If a person misses multiple doses or forgets to start a new pack of hormonal birth control, they should contact their healthcare provider for advice on how to proceed.


If a barrier method (such as a condom) is not used during intercourse, or if it breaks or slips off, emergency contraception (such as the morning-after pill) may be used to reduce the risk of unintended pregnancy.


Mirena Coil Insertion

The Mirena coil is a type of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC). It is a small, T-shaped device inserted into the uterus by a trained healthcare professional. The Mirena coil releases a low dose of progestin hormone to prevent pregnancy for up to five years. It can also be used to:

  • Manage heavy menstrual bleeding
  • Reduce period pain
  • Support hormone therapy during perimenopause


The procedure takes just a few minutes in the clinic and does not require surgery or hospitalisation. Most women experience minimal downtime and can return to their normal activities the same day. Your doctor will explain what to expect before, during, and after the insertion, and arrange a follow-up to ensure the device is properly positioned.


Menopause Counselling

What is Menopause?

‘Menopause’ comes from the Greek words ‘menos’, meaning month and ‘pause’, meaning to cease. Menopause means the monthly period stops.


Menopause is the natural biological process in which a woman's ovaries stop producing eggs, her hormone levels decrease, and she can no longer become pregnant. It typically occurs between 45 and 55 years old, but can happen earlier or later. Menopause is marked by the end of menstruation, confirmed when a woman has not had a period for 12 consecutive months.


During the transition to menopause, which can begin several years before the actual menopause, many women experience symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and sleep problems. These symptoms can vary in intensity and duration from woman to woman. Hormonal changes during menopause can also increase the risk of certain health conditions, such as osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.


After menopause, a woman's risk of developing specific diseases increases. She needs to maintain a healthy lifestyle and have regular check-ups with her doctor.


What is Menopause Counselling?

Menopause counselling is a therapy that helps women navigate the physical and emotional changes that occur during menopause. Menopause is a natural cessation.


Who is suitable for Menopause Counselling: Women experiencing symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and mood changes may benefit from menopause counselling.


Benefits of Menopause Counselling

It helps women understand and manage the physical and emotional changes of menopause.


Provides women with tools to manage symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and mood changes

It helps women cope with the emotional changes and feelings of loss that can occur during menopause.


Types of Menopause Counselling

  • Cognitive behavioural therapy
  • Support groups
  • Mindfulness-based therapy
  • Psychoeducation


What Happens in Menopause Counselling?

  • Research different types of counselling and find a therapist who specialises in menopause.
  • Attend regular counselling sessions and work with your therapist to manage your symptoms and address your emotional concerns.
  • Continue to attend counselling sessions as needed and take steps to maintain your emotional and physical well-being during the menopausal transition.


Why Consider Menopause Counselling?

Menopause can be a difficult transition for many women, and counselling can help women understand and manage the physical and emotional changes during this time. It can also help women cope with feelings of loss and emotional changes during menopause.


Cervical Screening

What is Cervical Screening?

Cervical screening is a medical test that checks for signs of the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which can cause abnormal changes to the cervical cells. It is a preventative health check rather than a test for cancer. If HPV is found, further tests are done to check for any changes to the cervical cells that might need treatment before they become cancerous.


This test was previously known as the Pap smear, but since 2017, Australia has used the HPV test as part of the National Cervical Screening Program. It is more accurate and detects risk earlier.


Who Should Have Cervical Screening?

Cervical screening is recommended for:

  • Women and people with a cervix aged 25 to 74 years: Even if you feel well or have had the HPV vaccine, regular screening is still important.
  • Those who have ever been sexually active: HPV can be transmitted through any sexual contact, not just intercourse.
  • People regardless of sexual orientation: HPV can be transmitted between women and men, as well as among women and men.


If you are under 25 and experience unusual bleeding, pain, or discharge, it is still important to speak with your doctor.


Benefits of Cervical Screening

  • Early Detection of HPV: The test can identify the virus before it causes cell changes, reducing the risk of cervical cancer.
  • Prevention of Cervical Cancer: Detecting abnormal cells early allows for treatment before cancer develops.
  • Improved Health Outcomes: Regular screening has significantly reduced cervical cancer rates in Australia.
  • Peace of Mind: Knowing your results can relieve anxiety and give you control over your health.


How Often Do You Need a Cervical Screening Test?

Under the current guidelines:

  • If your HPV test is negative, you only need to repeat the test every five years.
  • If HPV is detected, follow-up tests or more frequent screening may be required, depending on the type of HPV and whether any abnormal cells are found.


If you have previously had abnormal Pap smear results or if you are immunocompromised, your doctor may recommend a different screening schedule.


What Happens During a Cervical Screening Test?

  • Step 1: Appointment: You’ll need to book a visit with your GP, nurse, or women’s health clinic.
  • Step 2: Positioning: You’ll be asked to lie on an examination table, usually with your knees bent and feet apart.
  • Step 3: Sample Collection: A small device called a speculum is gently inserted into the vagina to allow the healthcare provider to view the cervix. A soft brush or spatula is used to collect cells from the cervix.
  • Step 4: Sending for Testing: The sample is sent to a pathology lab for HPV testing.


The test usually takes only a few minutes and should not be painful; however, some individuals may experience minor discomfort or pressure.


What to Expect After the Test?

  • No Downtime: You can return to normal activities immediately.
  • Mild Spotting: Some individuals may experience light spotting after the test, which is a normal occurrence.
  • Results: Results are usually available within a few weeks and will be sent to your doctor.
  • Negative result: No HPV detected; next test in five years.
  • Positive result: HPV detected; follow-up tests or referral to a specialist may be needed.


Understanding Cervical Screening Results

  • HPV not detected: Very low risk of cervical cancer. Re-test in 5 years.
  • HPV detected (non-16/18 types): You may need another test in 12 months to see if the virus clears naturally.
  • HPV 16 or 18 detected: These are high-risk strains linked to most cervical cancers. You may be referred for a colposcopy (a closer examination of the cervix).


Colposcopy and Biopsy

If high-risk HPV or abnormal cells are found, you may be referred for a colposcopy, a procedure using a microscope to examine the cervix more closely. A biopsy may be taken to check the cells in more detail. This helps doctors decide if treatment is needed.


What if Cervical Screening is Delayed or Missed?

Delaying or missing your cervical screening increases the risk of:

  • Missing early signs of HPV infection or abnormal cells.
  • Developing cervical cancer without early warning.
  • Needing more invasive treatment later.


It’s important to schedule your test as soon as you are due or overdue, even if you feel healthy or have no symptoms.


Is the Test Still Needed After Menopause or Hysterectomy?

  • After Menopause: Yes, unless your doctor advises otherwise.
  • After Hysterectomy: It depends. If your cervix was removed and the surgery was not for cancer-related issues, you may no longer need screening. However, discuss with your doctor to confirm.

Women's Health